Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1996 and Older)

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>EDSTUBBS.COM                    Electrical Contractors Web Site</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="EDSTUBBS.COM Electric"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Code Classes and Master Electricians Exa"><U>Code Classes and Master Electricians Exam Review</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Books Reference"><U>Books & Reference</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Code Interpretation"><U>Code Interpretation</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Letters Comments"><U>Letters & Comments</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (2005 NE"><U>Let 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Education</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id30.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Atlanta Tech Seminars / Continuing Educ"><U>Atlanta Tech Seminars / Continuing  Education</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> <IMG SRC="07c64640.gif" border=0 width="100" height="100" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>1999 NEC</B> </div> <div> <B>24 QUESTIONS</B></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#disconnects_121602_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Disconnects</U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm#disconnects_121602_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U> </U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#residential_wiring_diagrams_113002" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Residential Wiring Diagrams</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#parallel_service_conductors_111102" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Parallel service conductors</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#service_mast_111102_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Service mast above roof</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#receptacle_limitation__dwellings_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Receptacle limitations</U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm#receptacle_limitation__dwellings_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U> </U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm#receptacle_limitation__dwellings_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>(dwellings) </U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#rewiring_of_property_92902" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Rewiring of property</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#380_amps_on_500_kcmils_copper_92602" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>380 amps on 500 Kcmils</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#meter_inside_home_91702_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Meter inside home</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#meter_base_requirement_91502_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Meter Base Requiremen</U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm#meter_base_requirement_91502_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>t</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#stranded_or_solid_conductors_on_dc" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Stranded or solid (DC) conductor</U></U></A> </div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#minimum_size_conductor_for_commercial" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Minimum size conductor</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#old_bx_on_arc_fault_or_ground_fault_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Old BX on Arc-fault or Ground-fault</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#swimming_pool_installation_70302" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Swimming pool installation</U></U></A> </div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#panel_location_62702" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Panel location</U></U></A> </div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#compressor_overcurrent_protection" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Compressor overcurrent protection</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#arc_fault_protection_may_24_2002_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Arc-fault protectio</U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm#arc_fault_protection_may_24_2002_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U>n</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#place_of_assembly_may_7_2002" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Place of Assembly</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#gfci_stickers_may_4_2002" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>GFCI Stickers</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#ground_rods_12_galvanized_april_6" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Ground Rods 1/2 Galvanized</U></U></A></div> <div> <IMG SRC="07db6040.png" border=0 width="182" height="4" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>1996 & lower NEC</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#ground_rods" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>GROUND RODS</U></U></A><U> </U></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#equipment_ground_and_grounding_electrode" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>EQUIPMENT GROUND AND GROUNDING ELECTRODE</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#conduit_body__lb_s_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>CONDUIT BODY (LB's)</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#disconnecting_means" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>DISCONNECTING MEANS </U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#fault_current__overcurrent_protection" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>FAULT CURRENT / OVERCURRENT PROTECTION</U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm#fault_current__overcurrent_protection" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U> </U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm#send_us_your_code_question" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>BOTTOM OF PAGE</U></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><A HREF="id43_m.htm" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U> </U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1996 and Older)</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="this_section_is_for_those_who_want"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>This section is for those who want to go back before the 2002 NEC and check on the old code questions. Throughout the years, the NEC has made changes every three years to make a better and safer electrical system. Who knows, you might find the answer you were looking for.</B></div> <div> <B>Ed Stubbs.</B></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>"The State of Georgia is </B><B>STILL</B><B> on the 2005 NEC"</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New" ><B> </B></FONT></div> <div> <B>Go to: </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New" ><A HREF="id25_want_to_see_if_your_city_or_county_has.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Authority Having Jurisdiction"><U><U>City and County</U></U></A></FONT> <B>for local amendments</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>All questions below are answered under the 1999 NEC before adoption of the 2002 NEC</U></B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="disconnects_121602_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Disconnects 12/16/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Is it in the NEC that a disconnect is needed inside of a house for a 30 amp water heater on the main floor and a 30 amp furnace in a attic? </B></div> <div> <B>Seebanks.</B></div> <div> Mr. Seebanks: </div> <div> The question is about a water heater which is a small appliance. Since it utilizes electricity, let's start in <U>Chapter 4. Equipment for General Use</U>. Small appliances are in Article 422 Section 422 C is for the disconnecting means for small appliance circuits. </div> <div> <I>422-30. General</I> </div> <div> <I>A means shall be provided to disconnect each appliance from all ungrounded conductors in accordance with the following sections of Part C. If an appliance is supplied by more than one source, the disconnecting means shall be grouped and identified.</I> </div> <div> <I>422-31. Disconnection of Permanently Connected Appliances</I> </div> <div> <I>(a) Rated at Not Over 300 Volt-Amperes or 1/8 Horsepower. For permanently connected appliances rated at not over 300 volt-amperes or 1/8 hp, the branch-circuit overcurrent device shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means.</I> </div> <div> <I>(B) Appliances Rated Over 300 Volt-Amperes or 1/8 Horsepower. For permanently connected appliances rated over 300 volt-amperes or 1/8 hp, the branch-circuit switch or circuit breaker shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance or is capable of being locked in the open position.</I> </div> <div> <I>FPN No. 1: For motor-driven appliances of more than 1/8 hp, see Section 422-35.</I> </div> <div> <I>FPN No. 2: For appliances employing unit switches, see Section 422-33.</I> </div> <div> The location of the disconnect means shall comply with 422-31 (B). The overcurrent protection can be a fuse or breaker, depending on the listing and label of the equipment. As you should know, the conductors are required to have protection at it's supply. The water heater will be protected by the same overcurrent device that protects the branch circuit conductors. </div> <div> The furnace is Article 424. The disconnecting means fall under Article 424-19. </div> <div> <I>424-19. Disconnecting Means</I> </div> <div> <I>Means shall be provided to disconnect the heater, motor controller(s), and supplementary overcurrent protective device(s) of all fixed electric space-heating equipment from all ungrounded conductors. Where heating equipment is supplied by more than one source, the disconnecting means shall be grouped and marked.</I> </div> <div> All boils down to one conclusion. A disconnecting means shall be required for both. They shall be in site of the equipment or a means of locking the overcurrent protection in the off position.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="residential_wiring_diagrams_113002"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Residential Wiring Diagrams 11/30/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Ed, </B></div> <div> <B>I am interested in any books dealing with Residential Wiring. Please direct me to a web locations or listings for any books that you might have come across. </B></div> <div> <B>You also mentioned that you were preparing an Excel file that would calculate Residential Load Calculation. I am attaching a file that I have found that might be of help. If you have a policy of not opening attachments, let me know and I will mail you the file. </B></div> <div> <B>Look forward to another class in the future. </B></div> <div> <B>Thanks, </B></div> <div> <B>Mr. Seabolt</B></div> <div> There are many books available for residential wiring to purchase or order. Since I am not a representative of any books, I can not give you names of any references unless they are on a listing issued by the State for exams. See<A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Books Reference"><U> </U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Books Reference"><U><U>Books & Reference</U></U></A><U>.</U></FONT> I do have a list of bookstores listed on Books & References for you to contact.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="parallel_service_conductors_111102"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Parallel Service Conductors 11/11/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Can the service entrance feeding one two-socket meter board be ran in </B></div> <div> <B>parallel through the same conduit? Project was completed in November 2001.</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Thank you for your reply. </B></div> <div> <B>Chris, Electrician</B></div> <div> I believe you are asking about the service riser coming into a power company </div> <div> supplied meter pack or a manufactured two gain meter pack with multiple </div> <div> mains.</div> <div> The first requirement of paralleling is the size requirement. Article 310-4: </div> <div> <I>Aluminum, copper-clad aluminum, or copper conductors of size No. 1/0 and</I> </div> <div> <I>larger, comprising each phase, neutral, or grounded circuit conductor, shall</I> </div> <div> <I>be permitted to be connected in parallel (electrically joined at both ends</I> </div> <div> <I>to form a single conductor).</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 1: As permitted in Section 620-12(a)(1).</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 2: Conductors in sizes smaller than No. 1/0 shall be permitted</I> </div> <div> <I>to be run in parallel to supply control power to indicating instruments,</I> </div> <div> <I>contractors, relays, solenoids, and similar control devices provided</I> </div> <div> <I>a. They are contained within the same raceway or cable,</I> </div> <div> <I>B. The ampacity of each individual conductor is sufficient to carry the</I> </div> <div> <I>entire load current shared by the parallel conductors, and</I> </div> <div> <I>c. The overcurrent protection is such that the ampacity of each individual</I> </div> <div> <I>conductor will not be exceeded if one or more of the parallel conductors</I> </div> <div> <I>become inadvertently disconnected.</I> </div> <div> If you have met the first requirement, you can move foreword the next </div> <div> condition. Derating of the conductors in Article 310-15(B)(2)(a) and Table 4 </div> <div> and Table 5 in Chapter 9 for conduit fill. </div> <div> <I>310-15. Ampacities for Conductors Rated 0-2000 Volts</I> </div> <div> <I>(B) Tables. Ampacities for conductors rated 0 to 2000 volts shall be as</I> </div> <div> <I>specified in the Allowable Ampacity Tables 310-16 through 310-19 and</I> </div> <div> <I>Ampacity Tables 310-20 and 310-21 as modified by (1) through (7).</I> </div> <div> <I>FPN: Tables 310-16 through 310-19 are application tables for use in</I> </div> <div> <I>determining conductor sizes on loads calculated in accordance with Article</I> </div> <div> <I>220. Allowable ampacities result from consideration of one or more of the</I> </div> <div> <I>following:</I> </div> <div> <I>1. Temperature compatibility with connected equipment, especially at the</I> </div> <div> <I>connection points.</I> </div> <div> <I>2. Coordination with circuit and system overcurrent protection.</I> </div> <div> <I>3. Compliance with the requirements of product listings or certifications.</I> </div> <div> <I>See Section 110-3(B).</I> </div> <div> <I>4. Preservation of the safety benefits of established industry practices and</I> </div> <div> <I>standardized procedures.</I> </div> <div> <I>(2) Adjustment Factors.</I> </div> <div> <I>a. More than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in a Raceway or Cable. Where</I> </div> <div> <I>the number of current-carrying conductors in a raceway or cable exceeds</I> </div> <div> <I>three, or where single conductors or multiconductor cables are stacked or</I> </div> <div> <I>bundled longer than 24 in. (610 mm) without maintaining spacing and are not</I> </div> <div> <I>installed in raceways, the allowable ampacity of each conductor shall be</I> </div> <div> <I>reduced as shown in Table 310-15(B)(2)(a). </I>(See table) </div> <div> Since I don't know the service size your talking about, I can't give you any </div> <div> calculations or minimum size raceway. <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >Be sure when you derate your</FONT> </div> <div> conductors, you meet the calculated demand required and the next size<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> overcurrent protection allowed.<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> Ed Stubbs 11/9/02</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="service_mast_111102_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Service mast 11/11/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Is it possible to use EMT (1 1/2) for a service mast that goes above the roof and will support the service cable from the power company. If so were in the code does it say what kind of pipe can or can not be used? </B></div> <div> <B>That is a very good question. I am sure there are a lot of contractors and inspectors whom are gray on the answer to your question. </B></div> <div> <B>Mr. Seebanks: </B></div> <div> There will be two answers to this question. One from the NEC and the other from a local power companies code book: </div> <div> I will address the power company first. Some local power companies have certain requirements for attaching a <B>service drop</B> to a service riser <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >(service masts) </FONT>supplied by the electrical contractor. The smallest I am aware of is a two (2) inch rigid metal conduit. You must check with your local power company for their rules and regulations. Rigid metal conduit gives the best means of support for a service drop when no other means is available or acceptable in some areas. </div> <div> Now for the NEC. <B>Article 230-28.</B> <B>Service Masts as Supports</B> </div> <div> <I>Where a service mast is used for the support of service-drop conductors, it shall be of </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>adequate strength </I></FONT><I>or be supported by braces or guys to withstand safely the strain imposed by the service drop. Where raceway-type service masts are used, all raceway fittings shall be identified for use with service masts. Only power service-drop conductors shall be permitted to be attached to a service mast</I>. </div> <div> <U>Adequate strength</U> is the key word we want. The NEC did not address a minimum size or type of raceway. If you go into Chapter 3 Wiring Methods and Material, you can look in each sensible article for a raceway that you would think about using for a riser support to support a cable of reasonable weight and distances. Look under <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>uses not permitted. </U></FONT>There are so call electrical contractors that have used PVC as a service mast and have had to replace the raceway. </div> <div> Ed Stubbs 11/9/02 </div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="receptacle_limitation__dwellings_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Receptacle limitation (dwellings) 10/20/02</B> </div> <div> <B>First, thank you for lending yourself. I am in the process of building my own home, and I am finding that I need at least 4 receptacles on each 20 amp circuit. Will this be too many or could I put even more? It doesn't seem that a bedroom could use 20 amps. Thank you again for your time. Larry</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Mr. Fish: </B></div> <div> There is no limit to how many receptacles you can install on a circuit in a home. The NEC code addresses conditions on dedicated circuits like the kitchen small appliance circuits, laundry and bathroom circuits. By this being a dwelling, the receptacle outlets are convenient outlets and are required to be installed to prevent the use of extension or drop cords run throughout a home. If you read Article 210-52, it will show you the minimum requirements and the location of all outlets (receptacles, switches, lights, etc.) in your new home. </div> <div> <B>210-52. Dwelling Unit Receptacle Outlets</B> </div> <div> Receptacle outlets required by this section shall be in addition to any receptacle that is part of a lighting fixture or appliance, located within cabinets or cupboards, or located more than 5½ ft (1.68 m) above the floor. </div> <div> Permanently installed electric baseboard heaters equipped with factory-installed receptacle outlets or outlets provided as a separate assembly by the manufacturer shall be permitted as the required outlet or outlets for the wall space utilized by such permanently installed heaters. Such receptacle outlets shall not be connected to the heater circuits. </div> <div> FPN:<I> Listed baseboard heaters include instructions that may not permit their installation below receptacle outlets. </I></div> <div> (a) General Provisions. In every kitchen, family room, dining room, living room, parlor, library, den, sunroom, bedroom, recreation room, or similar room or area of dwelling units, receptacle outlets shall be installed in accordance with the general provisions specified in (1) through (3). </div> <div> (1) Spacing. Receptacles shall be installed so that no point along the floor line in any wall space is more than 6 ft (1.83 m), measured horizontally, from an outlet in that space. Receptacle outlets shall, insofar as practicable, be spaced equal distances apart. </div> <div> (2) Wall Space. As used in this section, a wall space shall include the following: </div> <div> a. Any space 2 ft (610 mm) or more in width (including space measured around corners) and unbroken along the floor line by doorways, fireplaces, and similar openings </div> <div> B. The space occupied by fixed panels in exterior walls, excluding sliding panels </div> <div> c. The space afforded by fixed room dividers such as freestanding bar-type counters or railings </div> <div> (3) Floor Receptacles. Receptacle outlets in floors shall not be counted as part of the required number of receptacle outlets unless located within 18 in. (457 mm) of the wall. </div> <div> As far as the 20 amp circuits are concerned, 15 amp circuits are just fine. The NEC code requires 20 amp circuits only on the kitchen small appliance outlets, the laundry outlets, the bathroom GFCI outlets and any hard wired or dedicated circuit with nameplate requiring a 20 amp overcurrent device. </div> <div> Don't forget that all bedroom circuits shall be Arc-fault protected for the 2002 NEC. </div> <div> Good luck on your new home. Ed Stubbs 10/20/02</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="rewiring_of_property_92902"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Rewiring of property 9/29/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Hi</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>I am studying a BSc (Hons) degree at NEWI College, Wrexham, North Wales. As part of my course I have been asked to find out how I would be able to tell if a property needed re - wiring. What would be the tell take signs?</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>If you could provide me with any information I would be extremely grateful. </B></div> <div> <B>Many thanks,Dawn xx </B></div> <div> <B>Dear Dawn xx:</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> You left me with a large general question to answer. Let me see if I can help you. </div> <div> First, you have to comply with any local and state code that are applicable. Since I don't know where Wrexham, North Wales is, I will be limited with my answers. </div> <div> Here in the state of Georgia, we have the Georgia State Electrical Code, which is the 1999 NEC with amendments. All new installations shall comply with this code. If you are dealing with an existing dwelling or existing building, you may have to find out if there are local ordinances that may restrict a type of installation or require additional wiring methods to meet a higher standard than the minimum NEC code. </div> <div> There are so many things to look for and so many things that are still allowed in old homes. Let's start with the service. Has it rusted out or are the cables worn out? Is the weather head damaged? Have the terminals corroded? Go inside and check for the same conditions you looked for outside. Are the receptacle outlets grounded or ungrounded? Do they look worn out or broken? Are they painted over several times? That can cause arcing. How about the switches and light fixtures? Have they come loose or burned up? Is there any water damage to the cables in the walls, floors, attic or crawl spaces?Check to see if the fuses or breakers are oversized to the feeder(s) or branch circuits. </div> <div> The list can go on for ever and ever. If you are not an electrician or an inspector trained in this field, you will not see everything an expert sees. What does a surgeon see when he or she looks inside of you? All you or I see is blood and guts. </div> <div> My best Ed Stubbs 9/29/02</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="380_amps_on_500_kcmils_copper_92602"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>380 amps on 500 Kcmils copper 9/26/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Hello, Ed. </B></div> <div> <B>My question is about service conductors. </B></div> <div> <B>How can a contractor feed a 400 amp service with 500 Kcmils copper, when it is only good for 380 amps, in the 75 degree column? </B></div> <div> <B>Thanks, Billy. </B></div> <div> Billy: </div> <div> This is a good question with a simple answer. </div> <div> In order to get the conductor size, you would have had to do a load calculation in Article 220. Once you have the minimum ampacity required, you go to Article 310-15 which refers you to table 310-16 through 310-19. </div> <div> 310-15. Ampacities for Conductors Rated 0–2000 Volts<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <I>(a) General. </I></div> <div> <I>(1) Tables or Engineering Supervision. Ampacities for conductors shall be permitted to be determined by tables or under engineering supervision, as provided in (B) and (c).</I> </div> <div> <I>(B) Tables. Ampacities for conductors rated 0 to 2000 volts shall be as specified in the Allowable Ampacity </I><I><U>Tables 310-16 through 310-19 </U></I><I>and Ampacity Tables 310-20 and 310-21 as modified by (1) through (7).</I> </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>FPN: </I></FONT><I>Tables 310-16 through 310-19 are application tables for use in determining conductor sizes on loads calculated in accordance with Article 220. Allowable ampacities result from consideration of one or more of the following:.............</I> </div> <div> Take for example the calculated load from Article 220 is 369 amps. You go to table 310-16 and the minimum ampacity will be 380 amps copper which is 500 Kcmils or 375 amps aluminum which is 700 Kcmils. Now you go to Article 240-3. </div> <div> 240-3. Protection of Conductors<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <I>Conductors, other than flexible cords and fixture wires, shall be protected against overcurrent in accordance with their ampacities as specified in Section 310-15, unless otherwise permitted or required in (a) through (g).</I> </div> <div> <I>(B) Devices Rated 800 Amperes or Less. The next higher standard overcurrent device rating (above the ampacity of the conductors being protected) shall be permitted to be used, provided all of the following conditions are met.</I> </div> <div> Not going through all of the conditions, you can see that the next size overcurrent protection shall be allowed up to 800 amps. Hope this answers your question. </div> <div> Ed Stubbs 9/29/02 </div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> </div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="meter_inside_home_91702_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Meter inside home 9/17/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Mr. Stubbs: </B></div> <div> <B>Is it possible to PASS a rough-in inspection for an addition to a house if the working meter is INSIDE the house and none of the new circuits are pulled into the panel. If so why and if not why did I look at a job were this has happened.</B></div> <div> Mr Seebanks, I'm not sure what your question is, but I'll try to answer it. The meter itself is not a code violation. That would be a GP ruling. Now the service entrance cable would be a violation of 230-6 if they are relocated or moved. Has it been moved? </div> <div> Concerning that this happened somewhere else will not be a issue of yours because you may not understand why it was done this way. It may not have been inspected or special permission may have been given. Just call your area inspector and find out what the ruling will be for your location. </div> <div> Ed Stubbs 9/17/02 </div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="meter_base_requirement_91502_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Meter base requirement 9/15/02</B> </div> <div> <B>If a meter base has 4 meter sockets, 2 at 200 amps and 2 at 150 amps, each with there own main breaker at the meter socket, is the service entrance conductor based on the load that is there, or is it based on the potential of the 4-200 amp services and how do I size the service entrance conductors?</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT></div> <div> <B>Mr. Seebanks: </B></div> <div> Your question may be a little difficult to answer because I don't have enough information. I'll work with what you have given me. </div> <div> The first thing you must do to size up the service is a load calculation. Go to <B>220-1. </B><I><B>Scope </B></I><I>This article provides requirements for computing branch-circuit, feeder, and service loads.</I> Go to <B>220-10. General </B><I>The computed load of a feeder or service shall not be less than the sum of the loads on the branch circuits supplied, as determined by Part A of this article, after any applicable demand factors permitted by Parts B, C, or D have been applied.</I> </div> <div> Dwellings unit loads are calculated differently than commercial loads. When calculation a dwelling, or a 4 meter multi-family demand load, you must calculate from the standard or optional calculation load for each unit, then a total calculated load for the main service size conductor and main overcurrent protection by using the standard or multi-family optional calculation<B>. 220-30. Optional Calculation — Dwelling Unit </B><I>(a) Feeder and Service Load. For a dwelling unit having the total connected load served by a single 3-wire, 120/240-volt or 208 Y/120-volt set of service-entrance or feeder conductors with an ampacity of 100 or greater, it shall be permissible to compute the feeder and service loads in accordance with this section instead of the method specified in Part B of this article. The calculated load shall be the result of adding the loads from (B) and (c). Feeder and service-entrance conductors whose demand load is determined by this optional calculation shall be permitted to have the neutral load determined by Section 220-22</I><B>. </B></div> <div> <B>220-32. Optional Calculation — Multifamily Dwelling </B><I>(a) Feeder or Service Load. It shall be permissible to compute the feeder or service load of a multifamily dwelling in accordance with Table 220-32 instead of Part B of this article where all the following conditions are met.</I> </div> <div> <I>1. No dwelling unit is supplied by more than one feeder.</I> </div> <div> <I>2. Each dwelling unit is equipped with electric cooking equipment. </I></div> <div> <I>Exception: When the computed load for multifamily dwellings without electric cooking in Part B of this article exceeds that computed under Part C for the identical load plus electric cooking (based on 8 kW per unit), the lesser of the two loads shall be permitted to be used. </I></div> <div> <I>3. Each dwelling unit is equipped with either electric space heating or air conditioning or both. Feeders and service-entrance conductors whose demand load is determined by this optional calculation shall be permitted to have the neutral load determined by Section 220-22.</I> </div> <div> <I>(B) House Loads. House loads shall be computed in accordance with Part B of this article and shall be in addition to the dwelling unit loads computed in accordance with Table 220-32.</I> </div> <div> The commercial calculations will be different, depending on you using single phase or three phase, 208 volts 240, or 480 volts, etc. </div> <div> Even though the 4 breakers are rated at 150 amps and 200 amps, this does not mean your demand will be that high. The calculated load may 130 amps for the 150 amp mains and 176 amps for the 200 amp mains. Let's use these totals for example to size up your main. (Multi-family dwelling), 130 + 130 + 176 + 176 = 612 X 45% (table 220-32) = 275 amps. The next size main overcurrent device will be 300 amps. 150 + 150 + 200 + 200 = 700 amp main if you add by the 4 mains, plus the cost of the material will greatly increase. </div> <div> As I said before, there is a lot to calculate and steps to take to find out the correct demand size. </div> <div> Ed Stubbs 9/15/02</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="stranded_or_solid_conductors_on_dc"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Stranded or Solid Conductors on DC circuits 6/30/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Ed, When wiring a 40 amp DC circuit, what type of wire should you use. Does the insulation factor in........since this is direct current? Nice site. </B></div> <div> <B>Don: </B></div> <div> I have searched up and down, and asked any person I know that could answer your question. I am truly stumped. I have decided to put your question on my web page and hopefully someone out there can find your answer. </div> <div> You also told me that one or some inspectors require that your wiring method for DC circuits be run in stranded conductors. Unless there is a city ordinance or engineers approved plans, stranded or solid <B>is</B> acceptable. Since we're talking about conductors, that takes us to chapter 3 wiring methods. 300-3. Conductors </div> <div> (a) Single Conductors. Single conductors specified in Table 310-13 shall only be installed where part of a recognized wiring method of Chapter 3. 310-3. Stranded Conductors: Where installed in raceways, conductors of size No. 8 and larger shall be stranded. </div> <div> 310-13. Conductor Constructions and Applications Insulated conductors shall comply with the applicable provisions of one or more of the following: Tables 310-13, 310-61, 310-62, 310-63, and 310-64. </div> <div> These conductors shall be permitted for use in any of the wiring methods recognized in Chapter 3 and as specified in their respective tables. </div> <div> FPN: <I>Thermoplastic insulation may stiffen at temperatures colder than minus 10ºC (plus 14ºF). Thermoplastic insulation may also be deformed at normal temperatures where subjected to pressure, such as at points of support. Thermoplastic insulation, where used on dc circuits in wet locations, may result in electroendosmosis between conductor and insulation. </I></div> <div> The only chapter in the NEC that I can find that mentions direct current is in Article 430 Motors. Throughout the article, it mentions the ampacity of the DC motors to A/C motors, but never mentioned not having choices of stranded or solid conductors. </div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="minimum_size_conductor_for_commercial"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Minimum size conductor for commercial wiring 8/24/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Can you use #14 AWG conductors in a commercial building? To my knowledge, the minimum size fuse on any commercial site is 20 amps. This goes for all general lighting circuits. Without the aid of my NEC book, I can't solidly prove that there is not </B><B><U>at least one exception.</U></B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>M. Satterfield.</B></div> <div> Let me show you that # 14 AWG conductor is allowed and the overcurrent protection can be as low as one amp for some circuits. </div> <div> Lets start with <B>Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection. Article 210-3.</B> Rating: "<I>Branch circuits recognized by this article shall be rated in accordance with the maximum permitted ampere rating or setting of the overcurrent device. </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I><U>The rating for other than individual branch circuits shall be 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 amperes</U></I></FONT><I>. Where conductors of higher ampacity are used for any reason, the ampere rating or setting of the specified overcurrent device shall determine the circuit rating.</I>" It is obvious that the minimum<U> branch circuit </U>overcurrent protection shall be 15 amps. </div> <div> Now we move to <B>Chapter 3 Wiring Methods. Article 310-5.</B> Minimum Size of Conductors. </div> <div> The minimum size of conductors shall be as shown in <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>Table 310-5. </U></FONT></div> <div> <I>Exception No. 1: For flexible cords as permitted by Section 400-12.</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 2: For fixture wire as permitted by Section 410-24, FPN.</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 3: For motors rated 1 hp or less as permitted by Section 430-22(c).</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 4: For cranes and hoists as permitted by Section 610-14.</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 5: For elevator control and signaling circuits as permitted by Section 620-12.</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 6: For Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 circuits as permitted by Sections 725-27(a) and 725-51, Exception.</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 7: For fire alarm circuits as permitted by Sections 760-27(a), 760-51, Exception, and 760-71(B).</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 8: For motor-control circuits as permitted by Section 430-72.</I> </div> <div> <I>Exception No. 9: For control and instrumentation circuits as permitted by Section 727-6.</I> </div> <div> <I><B> <A NAME="table_310_5_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Table 310-5</B></I><I> </I></div> <div> <I>Voltage Rating of</I> </div> <div> <I>Conductor--Volts Minimum Conductor Size--AWG</I> </div> <div> <I>________________________________________________________</I> </div> <div> <I>0 through 2000 14 Copper 12 Aluminum or</I> </div> <div> <I>Copper-Clad Aluminum </I></div> <div> <I>2001 through 5000 8</I> </div> <div> <I>5001 through 8000 6</I> </div> <div> <I>8001 through 15000 2</I> </div> <div> <I>15001 through 28000 1</I> </div> <div> <I>28001 through 35000 1/0</I> </div> <div> Again, it is obvious that the minimum branch circuit conductor size shall be #14 AWG copper or, #12 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. Basically it's just common practice by engineers and electrical contractors to use #12 AWG because of value cost, voltage drop and maximum use of the conductor. Don't forget about the Derating factor required on conduit and gutter fill. Also remember that this is minimum code where #14 AWG cu. may not be common practice, but it is still used by some because of cost and remaining cable in stock. </div> <div> One more direction, <B>Article 240-6</B> shows <U>all</U> allowed <U>minimum</U> overcurrent protection of 15 amp breaker and 1 amp fuse.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="old_bx_on_arc_fault_or_ground_fault_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Old BX on Arc-fault or Ground-fault? 8/5/02</B> </div> <div> <I><B>Ed, </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>In an existing residence with old BX in a bedroom, do we need an arc fault or GFCI breaker.</B></I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <I><B>Mr. Johnson </B></I></div> <div> Dear Mr. Johnson </div> <div> The choice of the GFCI or AFCI may depend on the local jurisdiction since you're asking about existing BX in a bedroom. </div> <div> First let's show the difference between a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) and an arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI). </div> <div> <B>Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment</B>. <I>"A system intended to provide protection of equipment from damaging line-to-ground fault currents by operating to cause a disconnecting means to open all ungrounded conductors of the faulted circuit. This protection is provided at current levels less than those required to protect conductors from damage through the operation of a supply circuit overcurrent device."</I> </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="arc_fault_circuit_interrupter"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection</B> </div> <div> (a) Definition.<I> "An arc-fault circuit interrupter is a device intended to provide protection from the effects of arc faults by recognizing characteristics unique to arcing and by functioning to de-energize the circuit when an arc fault is detected."</I> </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(</U><A HREF="#the_definition_given_in_section" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>more information</U></U></A><U>)</U></FONT> The GFCI breaker and receptacle have been required in the national electrical code for a number of years in <B>Article 210-8</B> for bathrooms, unfinished basements, outside, garages, etc.; <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial" >but has not been required in bedrooms.</FONT> </div> <div> On April 1, 1996, the State of Georgia adopted the 1996 NEC with amendments and named it the "Georgia State Minimum Standard Electrical Code." One of the amendments was on <B>Article 333</B> armored cable (AC): </div> <div> Amend section 333-3 by adding, after the second paragraph, a new paragraph and a fine print note to read as follows: </div> <div> <I>Armored cable without the bonding strip inside the armor of the cable shall be limited for use only in </I><I><U>existing installations </U></I><I>and limited to six feet in any ground return path or on GFCI protection when exceeding six feet in length.</I> </div> <div> <I>FPN: Armored cable without the bonding strip has a high impedance ground return path in lengths exceeding six feet and could constitute a fire or shock hazard due to a ground fault.</I> </div> <div> This was the only means available to protect from an electrical shock or fire. The amendment did not require the bedrooms to be GFCI unless there was no bonding strip in the ac cable. </div> <div> Arc-fault breakers were adopted in the 1999 NEC and required<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U> all dwelling bedroom receptacles </U></FONT>be arc-fault protected as of Jan 1, 2002. Since the NEC addresses new installation, you shall install arc-fault protection in all bedrooms. Bedrooms have more arcing hazards than ground faults. Since GFCI is to prevent shock hazards and ground faults in damp or wet locations, how wet can it get? </div> <div> Thanks for the question. </div> <div> Ed Stubbs</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="swimming_pool_installation_70302"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Swimming pool installation 7/03/02</B> </div> <div> <B>Hi Mr. Stubbs,</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>This is Brandi with XXX Electrical Service. I have a 2 part </B></div> <div> <B>question.</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Part 1:</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>We are taking over a job in progress for a swimming pool installation. The </B></div> <div> <B>original contractor was fired. The pool deck has been poured and there is no </B></div> <div> <B>record of a permit or inspection for the bonding. There are 2 bond wires </B></div> <div> <B>sticking up from the ground. Should I have an inspector look at this before </B></div> <div> <B>we begin any work?</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Part 2:</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>The home had a service upgrade to a 200 amp panel about 2 years ago. We do </B></div> <div> <B>not want to add any additional circuits in the existing panel. Can we change </B></div> <div> <B>the service to a 400 amp meter with 2 breakers, a 200 amp for the home and a </B></div> <div> <B>100 amp for the pool area without having to do any additional work to the </B></div> <div> <B>existing panel?</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Your reply will be appreciated. And I like your fountain! Thanks, Brandi.</B></div> <div> Dear Brandi: </div> <div> I can answer both of your questions, but the first question's answer will depend on the local jurisdiction on how to resolve your dilemma. </div> <div>  <A NAME="part_1_first_the_most_important"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >Part 1: First, the most important item on pools is to insure that all metal in the pool area are</FONT><U> </U><A HREF="#definition_of_bonding" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>bonded</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > together and bonded back to the pump motor and any metallic equipment in the area. The minimum size bonding conductor shall be a #8 solid to all items to be bonded. Shock hazards are extremely high around the pool area where the pubic in the pool has the least resistance of being shocked. Your liability is extremely high and so is the inspector of he or she doesn't handle the issue in a safe and code compliance direction. </FONT></div> <div> If this is in The City of Atlanta, please contact any Electrical Inspector in the office and we will advise you of our city solutions for this situation. </div> <div> Part 2: According to <B>Article 230-71(a) General.</B> The service disconnecting means for each service permitted by Section 230-2, or for each set of service-entrance conductors permitted by Section 230-40, Exception No's. 1 or 3, shall consist of not more than six switches or six circuit breakers mounted in a single enclosure, in a group of separate enclosures, or in or on a switchboard. There shall be no more than six disconnects per service grouped in any one location. For the purpose of this section, disconnecting means used solely for power monitoring equipment or the control circuit of the ground-fault protection system, installed as part of the listed equipment, shall not be considered a service disconnecting means. </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="16792f10.png" border=0 width="402" height="241" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Since I don't know all the details on the installation, I can't tell you what the minimum size the service conductors will be. You can install a 200 amp main on one side of the 400 amp meter can and the 100 amp main on the other side for the pool. Please comply with Article 680-14. Since you are ahead of the main, no tap rule will apply and the conductor size will depend on your load calculations and the overcurrent protection. </div> <div> As far as the existing panelboard is concerned, you can leave it where it is and rewire the service entrance conductors to the new 400 amp meter enclosure with an outside main. Be sure to check with your local jurisdiction on existing codes and ordinances.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="panel_location_62702"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Panel location 6/27/02</B> </div> <div> <I><B>Hello Mr. Stubbs, </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>I had a question regarding placement of an electrical panel. Can I put the panel on the second level of the house instead of the main floor? The house is existing, but it is completely going to be rewired. (Two story house). Thanks for your help!! Alex</B></I></div> <div> Dear Alex: </div> <div> Regarding the panel on the second floor! </div> <div> First, what are we talking about? A panelboard or a main? </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="article_230_70_a__location"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Article 230-70(a) Location.</B> The service disconnecting means shall be installed at a readily accessible location either outside of a building or structure or inside nearest the point of entrance of the service conductors. </div> <div> Service disconnecting means shall not be installed in bathrooms. See: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="#disconnecting_means" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Disconnecting Means</U></U></A></FONT> below. </div> <div> The code requires overcurrent protection before entering a building or structure for life safety and protection of conductors passing through any location. Also, if an emergency arises where an outside location is safer to remove the power. A panelboard can be installed in any location (except in bathrooms) and <B>240-24(c)</B> Not Exposed to Physical Damage. Overcurrent devices shall be located where they will not be exposed to physical damage. </div> <div> FPN: See Section 110-11, Deteriorating Agents. </div> <div> (d) Not in Vicinity of Easily Ignitable Material. Overcurrent devices shall not be located in the vicinity of easily ignitable material, such as in clothes closets; and you have a main ahead of it.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="compressor_overcurrent_protection"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Compressor overcurrent protection 6/12/02</B> </div> <div> <I><B>I was told by inspector that I need to run size 8 wire for this particular compressor. </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>The specs are: Max. fuse amps breaker: 40 max. circuit amp 26.8 </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Please advise </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>M. Aguirre </B></I></div> <div> Mr. Aguirre: </div> <div> The question on the size of the conductor is not based on the overcurrent protection for motors or A/C compressors. It is called short-circuit and ground-fault protection. Motors and compressors protection have to be sized according to the starting current on the name plate listed on the compressor and by <B>Article 430-6</B> for motors. Seeing that it takes a lot of start up current to start the compressor and motor, overcurrent protection would not be suitable to handle the start up. So, the title is short-circuit and ground-fault protection. </div> <div> Let's start with the ampacity of the compressor. You said maximum amps is 26.8. I think you meant the minimum circuit amps of 26.8. That means the minimum ampacity of the conductor is 26.8 amps. The wire size is # 10 AWG in the 60 degree column. The protection device will be 26.8 X 175% =46.9 amps. The size according to Article 240-6 shows that a 45 amp protection can be used. <B>Article 440-22 (1999) NEC.</B> The specs or name plate specifies a maximum fuse of 40 amps, you cannot violate the listing and label. All motors and compressors are protected overload protection or thermo-overload protection.</div> <div>  </div> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="arc_fault_protection_may_24_2002_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Arc-Fault Protection May 24, 2002</B> </div> <div> <I><B>Hello Mr. Stubbs,</B></I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <I><B>I had a quick question about arc-fault breakers. I am doing a house in Virginia Highlands, and I was wondering if I need to install arc-fault breakers on the new section of the house. Do I need them only for the bedrooms or everywhere to pass my final? Thank you for your help!</B></I></div> <div> Dear Sashka: </div> <div> Concerning the arc-fault needed on new installation. Article 210-12 in the 1999 NEC requires arc-fault breakers on all outlets installed in the bedrooms only. </div> <div> (B) Dwelling Unit Bedrooms. All branch circuits that supply 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets installed in dwelling unit bedrooms shall be protected by an arc-fault circuit interrupter(s). This requirement shall become effective<U> January 1, 2002.</U> </div> <div>  <A NAME="the_definition_given_in_section"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >The definition given in Section 210-12(a) explains the function of an AFCI.</FONT> These special devices are<U> intended to mitigate the effects of arcing faults</U> that may pose risk of fire ignition under certain conditions if the arcing persists. They are tested using methods that create or simulate arcing conditions to determine their ability to recognize and react to arcing faults. These devices are also tested to verify that operation is not unduly inhibited by the presence of loads and circuit characteristics that may mask or attenuate symptoms of unwanted arcing. In addition, these devices are evaluated to determine resistance to unwanted tripping because of the </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >presence of arcing that occurs in control and utilization equipment under normal operating conditions or a loading condition which closely mimics an arcing fault, such as the current waveform produced by some solid-state loads, e.g., electronic ballasts.</FONT><U> (</U><A HREF="#arc_fault_circuit_interrupter" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to Mr. Johnson</U></U></A><U>)</U> <U>(</U><U>Back to Ron</U><U>)</U></div> <div> <I>UL has announced the development of a standard for devices that are intended</I> </div> <div> <I>to mitigate the effects of arcing faults that may pose a risk of fire ignition.</I> The standard will be designated UL 1699. The scope of this standard will cover devices having a<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > maximum rating of 20 amperes and intended for use in 120-volt ac, 60-Hz circuits.</FONT> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >These devices may also include capability to perform other functions such as overcurrent protection, ground-fault circuit interruption, surge suppression, etc.</FONT> The draft UL 1699 standard describes a Branch Circuit Arcing Fault Circuit Interrupter as a device intended to be installed at the origin of a branch circuit or feeder, such as at a panelboard. This device is intended to provide protection for the branch circuit against the unwanted effects of arcing. This device also provides limited protection to branch circuit extension wiring. With no real field history of this newly available technology, the NEC requirement is drafted to implement branch-circuit protection only for bedroom receptacle outlet circuits.<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I><U> Restricting the requirement to bedroom circuits reflects the desire to gain field experience in a limited application before mandating installation of devices in other unit circuits.</U></I></FONT> </div> <div> Bedrooms contain readily ignitable cloth and cotton materials, and occupants may be sleeping when ignition occurs and not likely able to take protective action rapidly. </div> <div> The 2002 NEC requires that the entire bedroom circuit be arc-fault </div> <div> protected. See arcing fault breakers.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="place_of_assembly_may_7_2002"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Place of Assembly May 7, 2002</B> </div> <div> <I><B>I am doing a church. It is an addition classrooms. In article 70-378 The inspector and the electrical contractor I work for interprets this article as romax wire can be used. My interpretation is it must be in metal raceways. What is your interpretation of this article?</B></I></div> <div> To Mr. Unknown: </div> <div> I see you have moved on to the 2002 NEC code. Since you went there, let's correct your questions. </div> <div> First, let's address the church. Is this a new or renovated church? Is it fire rated, and is the church and / or the classroom a place of assembly? </div> <div> <B>ARTICLE 518 -- PLACES OF ASSEMBLY </B></div> <div> <B>518.1. Scope.</B> This article covers all buildings or portions of buildings or structures designed or intended for the assembly of <U>100 or more persons.</U> </div> <div> <B>518.2.</B> General Classifications. Places of assembly shall include, but are not limited to:Armories; Assembly Halls; Auditoriums; Auditoriums within: Business Establishments, Mercantile Establishments, Other Occupancies,<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > <U>Schools</U></FONT>; Bowling Lanes; <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>Church Chapels</U></FONT>; Club Rooms; Conference Rooms; Court Rooms; Dance Halls; Dining Facilities; Exhibition Halls; Gymnasiums; Mortuary Chapels; Multipurpose Rooms; Museums; Places of Awaiting Transportation; Pool Rooms; Restaurants; Skating Rinks </div> <div> Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>less than 100</U></FONT> persons in a building of other occupancy, and incidental to such other occupancy, shall be classified as part of the other occupancy and subject to the provisions applicable thereto. </div> <div> <B>518.4. Wiring Methods</B> </div> <div> <B>(A) General.</B> The fixed wiring methods shall be metal raceways, flexible metal raceways,<U> nonmetallic raceways encased in not less than 2 in. (50.8 mm) of concrete,</U> Type MI, MC, or AC cable containing an insulated equipment grounding conductor sized in accordance with Table 250.122. </div> <div> Exception: Fixed wiring methods shall be as provided in </div> <div> a. Audio signal processing, amplification, and reproduction equipment — Article 640 </div> <div> b. Communications circuits — Article 800 </div> <div> c. Class 2 and Class 3 remote-control and signaling circuits — Article 725 </div> <div> d. Fire alarm circuits — Article 760 </div> <div> <B>(B)</B> <B>Nonrated Construction.</B> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>Nonmetallic-sheathed cable,</I></FONT> Type AC cable, <U>electrical nonmetallic tubing, and rigid nonmetallic conduit</U> shall be permitted to be installed in those buildings or portions thereof that are not required to be of fire-rated construction by the applicable building code. </div> <div> Nonmetallic-sheathed cable can be installed in a Nonrated area as long as the building is not over three stories (non dwelling). Article 378. <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >Nonmetallic wireway is not one of the raceways permitted</FONT> to be used as a wiring method. So that section is out completely. </div> <div> <B>Article 518.(c)</B> New revised code section limiting the wiring method with fire rating.</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="gfci_stickers_may_4_2002"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>GFCI Stickers May 4, 2002</B> </div> <div> <B>Mr. Roberts:</B> </div> <div> <I><B>Are the GFCI stickers required on all receptacles downstream of the first GFCI? My inspector keeps making me put them on all receptacles in the new apartment complex that I'm working on. Are they required and where does it say it in the code?</B></I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> Well, Mr. Roberts, let's start with the labels being required. <U>They are required</U>, but not on new installations. </div> <div> First ask yourself<I> </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>where GFCI protection is required</I></FONT><I>.</I> In the kitchen over the countertops, on all bathroom receptacles, in the unfinished basement and crawl spaces where equipment can be serviced, outside, in the garage, carport, pool area, and in commercial areas subject to human contact in wet locations, etc. These areas are required, so labeling is not mandatory.</div> <div> Now go to <B>Article 210-7(d) Replacements</B>. Replacement of receptacles <B>shall comply</B> with (1), (2), and (3) below as applicable. What does replacement mean? You replace your car, your furniture, your equipment, etc. Meaning it was there to replace an existing outlet. </div> <div> (2) <I>Ground-fault circuit-interrupter protected receptacles shall be provided where replacements are made at receptacle outlets that are required to be so protected elsewhere in this Code.</I> Example: If an existing receptacle in the kitchen or bathroom was a two wire ungrounded or a three wire grounded type receptacle, and you wanted to replace it, you would have to replace it with a GFCI breaker or GFCI receptacle. </div> <div> Now for the label: </div> <div> (3)<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial" ><I> Where a grounding means does not exist</I></FONT><I> in the receptacle enclosure, the installation shall comply with a, b, or c below: </I></div> <div> <I>a. A non grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be replaced with another non grounding-type receptacle(s).</I> </div> <div> <I>b. A non grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be replaced with a ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type of receptacle(s). These receptacles shall be marked "No Equipment Ground." An equipment grounding conductor shall not be connected from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type receptacle to any outlet supplied from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter receptacle.</I> </div> <div> <I>c. A non grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be replaced with a grounding-type receptacle(s) where supplied through a ground-fault circuit-interrupter. Grounding-type receptacles supplied through the ground-fault circuit-interrupter shall be marked "GFCI Protected" and "No Equipment Ground." An equipment grounding conductor shall not be connected between the grounding-type receptacles.</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(Back to Tom)</U></FONT></div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="ground_rods_12_galvanized_april_6"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>Ground Rods 1/2 Galvanized April 6, 2002</B> </div> <div> <B>Mr. D Meadows:</B> </div> <div> Regarding your question on the size of the ground rod, please go to <B>Article 250-52 Made and other electrodes.</B> 1999 NEC </div> <div> Where none of electrodes specified in Section 250-50 is available, one or more of the (made) electrodes specified in (B) through (D) shall be used. </div> <div> Since your question is on the ground rods, let's go down to <B>250-52(c)(1) and (c)(2).</B><I> Rod and pipe electrodes shall not be less than 8 ft (2.44 m) in length, shall consist of the following </I><I><B>materials</B></I><I>, and shall be installed in the following manner.:</I> </div> <div> <I>Electrodes of pipe or conduit shall not be smaller than 3/4 in. trade size and, where of iron or steel , </I><I><B>shall have the outer surface galvanized or otherwise metal-coated for corrosion protection.</B></I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <I>Electrodes of rods of iron or steel shall be at least </I><I><B>5/8 in. (15.87 mm) in diameter.</B></I><I> Stainless steel rods less than 5/8 in. (15.87 mm) in diameter, nonferrous rods, or their equivalent (such as copper) shall be listed and shall not be less than </I><I><B>1/2 in. (12.7 mm) </B></I><I>in diameter.</I></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1668f9e0.png" border=0 width="399" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> The question on using the 1/2 in galvanized ground rod would be no. This section only allowed the stainless steel rod,<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial" > nonferrous</FONT> rod or the equivalent to be reduced, not the galvanized iron rod to 1/2 in. I can not speak for any other Authority Having Jurisdiction, but it shall be a violation of the 1999 and 2002 NEC. Also you can't cut 8 ft. rods in half or install rods less than 8 ft. (<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#800000" FACE="Arial" >Nonferrous means nonmagnetic)</FONT> </div> <div> <B>ED STUBBS</B></div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>All questions below are based on the 1996 NEC and earlier</U></B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="ground_rods"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>GROUND RODS</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>How many ground rods are required around a swimming pool? This question is asked at least a hundred times by contractors and electrical inspectors alike. Well, if you said one or more, you are incorrect.</B></div> <div> Through the years, Contractors, Engineers and Inspectors have required ground rods to be from one to several around a pool. Some have required them at every Conner of the pool. Some require them at every ladder, steps, motors and at any metal parts. <B>What is the reason for this obsession with ground rods?</B> Protection from lighting? Mud slides? To stabilize the pool from moving or hold the pool grid still? What? Some say it is to ground the pool. Well, pull your pants back up, get your hands out of your pockets and swallow that tobacco and tell me that a pool that is 60 ft long, 20 ft wide and 10 ft deep is not a better ground than 10 ground rods 5/8" X 8' driven 8 ft into the earth!</div> <div> First, let's clear up the understanding of a ground rod and bonding. The sole purpose of a ground rod is to intentionally ground an <I><B>electrode system</B></I> to the earth from a system that <I><B>intentionally</B></I> carries a current and a voltage to the building or structure. This is covered in <B>Article 250-50 Grounding Electrode Systems.</B> Under the definition of grounded, effective; it states, <I>"Intentionally connected to the earth through a grounded connection or connections of sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current carrying capacity to prevent the buildup voltages that may result in undue hazards to connected equipment or persons."</I> Other definitions follow with grounded conductors. Since we're not using a grounded electrode system, we shall move onto the word <B>Bonding.</B> </div> <div>  <A NAME="definition_of_bonding"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Definition of bonding</B></FONT>: "The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path that will assure electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed." Under <B>Article 680-22,</B> the heading is <B>bonding</B> not grounding. <B>Article 680-22(a)</B> states <I>"The following parts shall be bonded together."</I> (1-6). <B>Article 680-22(B) Common bonding grid. </B><I>"The parts specified in (a) shall be connected to a common bonding grid with a solid copper conductor, insulated, covered, or bare, not smaller than No. 8. Connection shall be made by exothermic welding or by pressure connectors or clamps that are labeled as being suitable for the purpose and are of the following material: Stainless steel, brass, copper, or copper alloy. The common bonding grid shall be permitted to be any of the following." (1-4).</I> <B>Article 680-22, first</B> paragraph was an <B>(FPN)</B> during the 1993 NEC but became code in 1996 NEC Addition. States: <I>" It shall not be the intent of this section to require that the No. 8 or larger solid copper bonding conductor to be extended or attached to </I><I><B>any remote panelboard, service equipment, or any electrode,</B></I><I> but only that it shall be employed to eliminate voltage gradients in the pool area as prescribed."</I> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="163c1b90.png" border=0 width="449" height="441" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> The primary purpose of bonding is to ensure that voltage gradients in the pool area are eliminated. The revised wording of Section 680-22 in the 1999 Code makes it clear that the No. 8 conductor is only for elimination of the voltage gradient in the pool area and is not required to provide a path for fault current that may occur as a result of electrical equipment failure. <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="#part_1_first_the_most_important" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Return to Brandi question</U></U></A></FONT></div> <div> Hopefully this will clear up any misconceptions on requiring ground rods at a pool. Simply say, <B>"The pool shall be bonded, not grounded."</B> (Nov. 10, 1994)</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="equipment_ground_and_grounding_electrode"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>EQUIPMENT GROUND AND GROUNDING ELECTRODE</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT></div> <div> <B>What is the difference between an Electrode and an Equipment Ground? If there isn't a difference, why are there two names for them? Are they both grounded or bonded together, or separate?</B></div> <div> Well, basically, the only difference is the size and location of the (conductor or conductors) that limit a fault to ground. First, let's understand the word <B>"Grounded"</B> Definition of grounded: <I>"Connected to the earth or to some conducting body that serves the place of earth."</I> Grounded effectively: <I>"Intentionally connected to earth through a ground connection or connections of sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current carrying capacity to prevent the buildup of voltages that may result in undue hazards to connected equipment or persons" </I>So what is the difference between an electrode and equipment ground? Simple, <B>electrodes don't have overcurrent protection and are sized to the phase conductor(s) ahead of the main. The equipment ground protects the equipment by means of an overcurrent device sized for the protection of the conductors and the equipment down stream.</B> </div> <div> <B>Article 250-50</B>(1999) is your <B>Grounding Electrode System</B> which connects all current carrying electrodes, metals, water pipes, steel structures, and equipment grounds to a common bond like the chassis of an engine. Faults can dissipate in all directions with little or no damage to equipment or injury to a person(s). Since the phase conductors don't have overcurrent protection ahead of the main, the electrode system is required to be sized from table 250-66 (1999) NEC by the size of the phase conductor(s) to safely handle the fault current caused by one or more of the phase conducts to ground or a short phase to phase. </div> <div> Now once you get pass the main, your grounded system is called <B>Equipment Grounding.</B> Why call it that? Well, now it is protecting <U>equipment</U>. The definition of equipment: <I>"A general term including material, fittings, devices, appliances, fixtures, apparatus and the like used as a part of, or in connection with, an electrical installation. Since all equipment is required to be protected by overcurrent protection, the fault that can be imposed are going to be at a lower (SCA) short circuit ampacity then ahead of the main. So now the equipment ground shall be sized to meet the overcurrent protection used".</I> <B>Table 250-66</B>(1999). Shows the conductor sizes in copper in copper and aluminum. </div> <div> It is very important to know what an electrode is, and an equipment ground, so proper sizing will be achieved for your sake and the equipment. Jan 15,1996</div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="conduit_body__lb_s_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>CONDUIT BODY (LB's)</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Can a standard 2 inch conduit body (LB) with a 10 inch removable cover be used to carry 4- 4/0 THHN conductors?</B> </div> <div> Yes. With only one exception under <B>Article 370-28(a)(2)exp,</B> you can use any size LB that meets the size of the raceways maximum conductor fill. </div> <div> First, let's clear up what <B>"standard"</B> conduit body is. Most manufactures are going to size their LB's to meet the minimum requirement of the conduit fill and minimum length or distance to make a bend or turn with conductors of No. 6 and smaller where 90° degree bends would be a clearance problem. So, the LB opening is not so crucial, and they very in lengths to meet the needs of the installer. </div> <div> <B>Article 370-28(a)</B> states: <I>"For raceways containing conductors of No.4 or larger, and for cables containing conductors of No. 4 or larger, the minimum dimensions of pull or junction boxes installed in a raceway or cable run shall comply with the following:"</I><B> (2) Angle or U Pulls. "Where</B><I> splices, or where </I><I><B>angle or U pulls</B></I><I> are made, the distance between each raceway entry inside the box and the </I><I><B>opposite wall of the box</B></I><I> shall not be less than six times the trade diameter of the largest raceway in a row" The exception pertains to a box and conduit body commonly known as an LB. The exception states: Where a raceway or cable entry is in the wall of a box or conduit body </I><I><B>opposite a removable cover,</B></I><I> the distance from that wall to the cover shall be permitted to comply with the distance required for one wire per terminal in table 373-6(a). "Again, this exception allows for the LB opening of less than 6 times the raceway size. </I><I><B>370-28(a)(3), also</B></I><I> allows for the LB opening of less than 6 times under the following conditions: (3) "Boxes or conduit bodies of dimensions less than those required in (a)(1) and (a)(2) shall be permitted for installations of combinations of conductors that are less than the maximum conduit or tubing fill (of conduits or tubing being used) permitted by Table 1 of Chapter 9, provided the box or conduit body has been approved for and is permanently marked with the maximum number and maximum size of conductors permitted."</I></div> <div> Basically, you will find that the manufactures will now label their LB's larger than 3 conductors and of any maximum size. <B>Article 370-28</B> does by all means serve as an intent in this code and an LB with more than 3 maximum conductor size would defeat the use of this code section. Table 1 Chapter 9 (FPN 1) and notes to tables. Example: You have a 2 inch LB that is marked "maximum 3- 4/0", and the removable cover is 9 inches long. You want to install 4- 4/0 THHN conductors because Table 4 and 5 allows a 2 inch raceway, but the LB <B>cannot be used unless the cover opening is 12 inches.</B> 4- 3/0 also will not be acceptable because it requires a 2 inch raceway and a 12 inch cover. If you install 4-1/0 conductor, you can reduce your LB opening to 1½ X 6=9 inches.</div> <div> As you can see, with conductors larger than No. 6 AWG, the NEC is enforcing the <B>bending radius</B> and not the conduit fill in cubic inches. Other conduit bodies called <I>Mogul LB's, </I>also may not meet the minimum requirements of <B>Article 370-28,</B> if it is not stamped on the Mogul or meets the minimum opening required for 6 times the raceway. Also, note that the conduit bodies marked <B>LL and LR's</B> do not meet the requirements of the exception, stating from <B>the conduit wall to opposite to a removable cover.</B> If you can't see through the short end of the LB to the removable cover, than it shall be 2 times the raceway size. Since the opening is to the right (LR) or left (LL) of the opposite wall, they are not acceptable. Remember, the larger the conductors, the larger the bending radius and space requirements. (Jan 13, 1995) </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1645b9b0.png" border=0 width="347" height="411" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1655dd90.png" border=0 width="349" height="473" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="disconnecting_means"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>DISCONNECTING MEANS</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>When service entrance conductors enter a dwelling or building, is five to ten feet acceptable to enter in a rigid metal conduit before the first overcurrent protection is installed? Encased in 1 inch of concrete? Run under the building under 1 inch of concrete?</B></div> <div> Well, all three answers are no! First the code doesn't address a footage of any length, even if the conductors are in a rigid metal conduit. If those conductors short or have a ground fault, you have just been introduced to an <I><B>uncontrolled, non-manufactured, high heat, flammable welding device with maximum fault current.</B></I> Tell me it won't........<B>light up your life.......your house.......your business........your equipment.........and possible, your neighborhood!</B> As you can see, given a length in the code could create a possible hazard in some locations if a distance was mandatory or allowed. The shortest distance of conductors without overcurrent protection shall be required. The intent of the code is for <I>Life Safety and Visibility for any person(s) </I>that may come in contact with phase conductors, such as The Fire Department or Contractors cutting into the service cable<I>.</I></div> <div> According to <B>Article 230-91 and 230-205, </B><I>"A service disconnecting means shall be installed at a readily accessible location either outside of a building or structure, or inside</I><I><U> nearest the point of entrance of the service conductors".</U></I> <B>Article 230-91(a) </B>states: <I>"The service overcurrent device shall be an integral part of the service disconnecting means or shall be located immediately adjacent thereto". </I><B>Article 230-6 </B>allows an unlimited distance as long as the service conductors are encased in or under 2 inches of concrete in a raceway which is considered outside. </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1628f4b0.png" border=0 width="399" height="331" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> There are circumstances where the conductors may have to travel a good distance to an acceptable location, but the code still requires a main outside when conditions must make the conductors longer for a readily accessible location. If it can not be placed at the nearest point of entry, than an outside main shall be required. <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="id25.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Authority Having Jurisdiction"><U><U>The Authority Having Jurisdiction</U></U></A></FONT> should maintain the intent of the code for safety and not necessarily for convenience. <B>Safety is no accident</B>.........maybe marriage was. That's a shock hazard of it's on without overcurrent protection. For the rich, that's without overload protection. (Mar 20, 1995) <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>Return to Alex question.</U></FONT></div> <bR> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="fault_current__overcurrent_protection"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <B>FAULT CURRENT / OVERCURRENT PROTECTION</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>How safe are those temporary poles installed by Contractors everyday across the country? </B>As most Contractors say, <I>"It's only temporary".</I> You have a 20 amp to 100 amp main for a trailer hook up. No big deal, right?..............<B>Wrong!</B></div> <div> Overcurrent protection is not the only safety factor we deal with when a 20 amp fuse blows or a breaker trips. There is a force behind the fuse and breaker unknown to some which is called <I><U>Fault Current.</U></I> Take a 225 KVA 3 phase transformer and short two (2) of the phases together with a conductor size of 750 Kcmils copper and just sit back, if you can, and<I> watch the fire works and your life flash before you. </I>When a fault current happens, it can be as small as a spark and up to a <B>massive explosion.</B> Fault current depends on the size of the transformer characteristics, the conductor size and length, the impedance, and the let through current rating on the overcurrent protection device.</div> <div> Transformers not only supply the required current and voltage to the equipment, but also carries a very dangerous current that can cause the equipment to explode or cause serious damage to the equipment and to anyone near it. Transformers and arc welders are basically the same, except welders are controlled. When the transformer conductors make contact, <I>there is a rush so fast and powerful, it creates instant heat that melts steel.</I> Fault current can be as much as 300,000 Short Circuit Amps (SCA) and higher, so the equipment used must be protected from any faults imposed on it and the conductors from the transformer. The fuses or breakers used to protect the equipment and conductors shall have an Available Interrupting Current (AIC) listed on them. All 10,000 AIC and up shall be marked on the overcurrent devices. <I>Think about a bright light bulb.</I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I> How long does it take for the light bulb to come on when you turn the switch on?</I></FONT><I> </I>Pretty darn fast, wouldn't you say? The light bulb burns at 120 / 240 / 277 / 480 volts at 60 cycles / sec. You can't even see the light going off 60 times in one second. Now take that same understanding and short or ground out a transformer that is capable of producing 200,000 SCA or higher and tell me <I><B>Who's fault is it? </B></I><B>It can light up your life.</B></div> <div> Once again, is a temporary pole as safe as some contractors think? What Does temporary mean to you?: <B>Get electrocuted temporary or explode temporary or do you just die temporary?</B></div> <div> Life safety is very crucial for ourselves and electrical power, so overcurrent protection and fault current ratings <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I><U>must be known and correct.</U></I></FONT> The next time you see or hear about an electrical fire, ask your self <B>"Who's fault is it?"</B> (July 11, 1995) </div> <bR> <bR> <div>  <A NAME="send_us_your_code_question"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> Send us your code question: <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><U>Mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net</U></U></A></FONT> </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="id43_m.htm" TITLE="Let The Code Decide / Quik Talk (1999, 1"><U><U>Back to top</U></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:edstubbs1@comcast.net"><U><IMG SRC="0824d0c0.png" border=0 width="589" height="12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="161503c0.png" border=0 width="80" height="60" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> bye, bye</div> <bR> <div> <B>"The State of Georgia is </B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Times New" ><B><U>NOW</U></B></FONT><B> on the 2005 NEC"</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New" ><B> </B></FONT></div> <div> <B>Go to: </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New" ><U>City and County</U></FONT> <B>for local amendments</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>